Here is a translation of the text about common issues and solutions in organic fertilizer production, covering raw materials, fermentation, processing, quality control, and other aspects:

I. Raw Material-Related Issues

1. Raw Material Selection and Usage

• Suitable raw materials: Can be used directly, such as straw, livestock and poultry manure, bran, rice husks, etc.
• Raw materials requiring safety assessment: Can be used after assessment, such as kitchen waste, bone meal, lees, etc.
• Prohibited raw materials: Raw materials containing heavy metals or excessive antibiotics are strictly prohibited.

2. Raw Material Preprocessing

• Solid-liquid separation: Use inclined screens or vibrating screens to separate solid matter from livestock and poultry manure.
• Crushing and mixing: Use crushers to process auxiliary materials like straw, and adjust the C/N ratio (25:1) and moisture content (60%-65%) with a twin-shaft horizontal mixer.
• pH adjustment: Add lime or calcareous soil if the raw material is too acidic.

3. Raw Material Storage

• Moisture control: For short-term storage (≤3 months), moisture should be ≤18%; for long-term storage, it should be reduced to 14%-15%.
• Packaging requirements: Use moisture-proof packaging to avoid secondary contamination.

II. Fermentation Process Issues

1. Fermentation Condition Control

• Temperature: Maintain between 50-65℃, with the high-temperature phase (60-70℃) lasting more than 10 days to eliminate pathogens.
• Humidity: Keep at 60%-70%. Add water if too dry, or turn the pile or add dry materials if too wet.
• Aeration: Turn the pile regularly (every 4-5 days) to avoid anaerobic conditions.

2. Fermentation Time and Stages

• Heating stage (1-3 days): Mesophilic microorganisms are active, and the temperature rises to 50℃.
• High-temperature stage (10-15 days): Thermophilic microorganisms decompose complex organic matter.
• Cooling stage (more than 10 days): Complete maturation and produce humus.

3. Abnormality Handling

• Slow heating: Check raw material moisture and C/N ratio, and add nitrogen sources (e.g., ammonium sulfate).
• Excessively high pile temperature: Increase aeration by turning the pile or reduce the pile size.
• Odors: Add high-carbon materials (straw, rice husks) or acidic substances (calcium phosphate) to adjust.
• Mosquito and fly breeding: Process raw materials quickly and cover the pile surface with a 6 cm thick compost layer.

III. Processing and Manufacturing Issues

1. Equipment and Process

• Key equipment: Crushers, mixers, granulators (disc/extrusion type), dryers, coolers, packaging machines.
• Process flow: Raw material ratio → Strip pile → Add microbial agent → Stir and ferment → Screen → Granulate → Dry → Cool → Package.

2. Product Quality Control

• Inspection indicators:
  • Nutrient content: Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, organic matter (must comply with NY/T 525-2021 standards).
  • Microbial indicators: Effective viable bacteria count, Escherichia coli count.
  • Heavy metal content: Strictly adhere to national standard limits for lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, etc.
• Handling of non-conforming products:
  • Minor issues: Air-dry, adjust the formula.
  • Severe issues: Deep bury, incinerate, and prohibit from entering the market.

IV. Environmental Protection and Safety Issues

1. Environmental Protection Requirements

• Exhaust gas treatment: Use enclosed fermentation equipment to reduce odor emissions.
• Wastewater treatment: The liquid after solid-liquid separation must be treated to meet standards before discharge.

2. Safety Production

• Equipment operation: Regularly maintain equipment to avoid fire and explosion risks.
• Personal protection: Wear masks and gloves during operation to avoid direct contact with fermented materials.

By implementing these measures, common issues in organic fertilizer production can be effectively resolved, ensuring product quality and production safety.